American Psychiatry After World War II (1944-1994)

Edited by Roy W. Menninger, M.D., and John C. Nemiah, M.D.

2000
680 Pages
Editorial Reviews

ISBN 978-1-58562-825-4
Item #62825

List Price: $85.00
APA Members: $68.00
APA Resident-Fellow Members: $63.75

Description
Contents
Editorial Reviews
About the Authors

The history of psychiatry is complex, reflecting diverse origins in mythology, cult beliefs, astrology, early medicine, law religion, philosophy, and politics. This complexity has generated considerable debate and an increasing outflow of historical scholarship, ranging from the enthusiastic meliorism of pre-World War II histories, to the iconoclastic revisionism of the 1960s, to more focused studies, such as the history of asylums and the validity and efficacy of Freudian theory. This volume, intended as a successor to the centennial history of American psychiatry published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1944, summarizes the significant events and processes of the half-century following World War II. Most of this history is written by clinicians who were central figures in it.

In broad terms, the history of psychiatry after the war can be viewed as the story of a cycling sequence, shifting from a predominantly biological to a psychodynamic perspective and back again—all presumably en route to an ultimate view that is truly integrated—and interacting all the while with public perceptions, expectations, exasperations, and disappointments.

In six sections, Drs. Roy Menninger and John Nemiah and their colleagues cover both the continuities and the dramatic changes of this period. The first four sections of the book are roughly chronological. The first section focuses on the war and its impact on psychiatry; the second reviews postwar growth of the field (psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, psychiatric education, and psychosomatic medicine); the third recounts the rise of scientific empiricism (biological psychiatry and nosology); and the fourth discusses public attitudes and perceptions of public mental health policy, deinstitutionalization, antipsychiatry, the consumer movement, and managed care. The fifth section examines the development of specialization and differentiation, exemplified by child and adolescent psychiatry, geriatric psychiatry, addiction psychiatry, and forensic psychiatry. The concluding section examines ethics, and women and minorities in psychiatry.

Anyone interested in psychiatry will find this book a fascinating read.

Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part I: The Experience and Lessons of War
Chapter 1. Military Psychiatry Since World War II
Chapter 2. War, Peace, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Chapter 3. Silver Linings in the Clouds of War: A Five-Decade Retrospective
Part II: Postwar Growth of Clinical Psychiatry
Chapter 4. American Psychoanalysis Since World War II
Chapter 5. The Evolving Role of the Psychiatrist From the Perspective of Psychotherapy
Chapter 6. Psychiatric Education After World War II
Chapter 7. Psyche and Soma: Struggles to Close the Gap
Chapter 8. Postwar Psychiatry: Personal Observations
Part III: Public Attitudes, Public Perceptions, and Public Policy
Chapter 9. The National Institute of Mental Health: Its Influence on Psychiatry and the Nation's Mental Health
Chapter 10. Mental Health Policy in Late Twentieth-Century America
Chapter 11. Deinstitutionalization and Public Policy
Chapter 13. The Consumer Movement
Chapter 14. The Cultural Impact of Psychiatry: The Question of Regressive Effects
Chapter 15. Managed Care and Other Economic Constraints
Part IV: The Rise of Scientific Empiricism
Chapter 16. American Biological Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology, 1944–1994
Chapter 17. Functional Psychoses and the Conceptualization of Mental Illness
Chapter 18. Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders
Part V: Differentiation and Specialization
Chapter 19. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Comes of Age, 1944–1994
Chapter 20. A Brief History of Geriatric Psychiatry in the United States, 1944–1994
Chapter 21. Addiction Psychiatry: The 50 Years Following World War II
Chapter 22. Forensic Psychiatry After World War II
Part VI: Principles and People 543
Chapter 23. Ethics in the American Psychiatric Association After World War II
Chapter 24. Women Psychiatrists in American Postwar Psychiatry
Chapter 25. Minorities and Mental Health
Index

Roy W. Menninger, M.D., is Past President and CEO of the Menninger Foundation and a member of the faculty of the Karl Menninger School of Psychiatry and Mental Health Sciences. He is also Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Kansas School of Medicine–Wichita, Kansas.

John C. Nemiah, M.D., is Professor of Psychiatry at Dartmouth Medical School and Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus at Harvard Medical School.

The explosive growth of American psychiatry after 1945 is a critical subject, not just for historians of psychiatry and contemporary psychiatrists, but for all students of American culture. This wide-ranging compendium attempts to show how the experienced of World War II shaped subsequent psychiatric research, theory, education and policy, to name but a few areas of interest. American Psychiatry After WWII will be an important starting place for future historians.—George J. Makari, M.D., Director, Institute for the History of Psychiatry, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York

Intended to follow in the footsteps of the centennial history of psychiatry, published in 1944, this book is fittingly edited by Roy Menninger, a scion of a family that made important contributions to the story of psychiatry and Jon Nemiah, a distinguished emeritus editor of the American Journal of Psychiatry, which recorded so much of what is retold here.—The New England Journal of Medicine

World War II launched American psychiatry on an extraordinary period of growth, development and diversification. The profession, and the nation, were excited and astonished by new and even contradictory developments—psychoanalysis and psychopharmacology, deinstitutionalization and community care, public health and managed care, NIMH and neuroscience. Roy Menninger and John Nemiah—themselves major participants—have assembled the views of those who were central in creating contemporary psychiatry and those who have been preeminent in studying it to produce a collection of essays on the recent history of American psychiatry that is an instant classic and will interest everyone who is in the field or has been touched by it.—Robert Michels, M.D., Walsh McDermott University, Professor of Medicine, University Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College, New York, New York

This incisive history of American Psychiatry after WWII offers a healthy corrective to professional arrogance. Colleagues no less able than we suppose ourselves to be, and no less dedicated to patient welfare, recommended treatments and supported policies few would advocate today. If they were misled, may we not be vulnerable as well? Chastened by history, we will be less ready to follow those who proclaim 'breakthroughs' and revolutions in social policy. Modesty becomes us.—Leon Eisenberg, M.D., Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

In this book, a monumental achievement, they define the evolution of American psychiatry from [World War II] to 1994. . . . This book will become the definitive classic in the study of American psychiatry.—READINGS: A Journal of Reviews and Commentary of Mental Health

For its comprehensive, balanced coverage, the volume is something of a tour de force, certainly an essential manual for any student of the history of American Psychiatry.—Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 1/1/2002